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A mobile phone (also known as a wireless phone , cell phone , or cellular telephone ) is a short-range, electronic device used for mobile voice or data communication over a network of specialised base stations known as cell sites. In addition to the standard voice function of a mobile phone, telephone, current mobile phones may support many additional services, and accessories, such as SMS for text messaging, email, packet switching for access to the Internet, gaming, bluetooth, infrared, camera with video recorder and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video. Most current mobile phones connect to a cellular network of base stations (cell sites), which is in turn interconnected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) (the exception is satellite phones).

Overview

According to internal memos, American Telephone & Telegraph discussed developing a wireless phone in 1915, but were afraid deployment of the technology could undermine its monopoly on wired service in the U.S.

The first commercial mobile phone service was launched in Japan by NTT in 1978. By November 2007, the total number of mobile phone subscriptions in the world had reached 3.3 billion, or half of the human population (although some users have multiple subscriptions, or inactive subscriptions), which also makes the mobile phone the most widely spread technology and the most common electronic device in the world.

The first mobile phone to enable internet connectivity and wireless email, the Nokia Communicator, was released in 1996, creating a new category of multi-use devices called smartphones. In 1999 the first mobile internet service was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan under the i-Mode service. By 2007 over 798 million people around the world accessed the internet or equivalent mobile internet services such as WAP and i-Mode at least occasionally using a mobile phone rather than a personal computer.

Cellular systems

Mobile phones send and receive radio signals with any number of cell site base stations fitted with microwave antennas. These sites are usually mounted on a tower, pole or building, located throughout populated areas, then connected to a cabled communication network and switching system. The phones have a low-power transceiver that transmits voice and data to the nearest cell sites, normally not more than 8 to 13 km (approximately 5 to 8 miles) away.

When the mobile phone or data device is turned on, it registers with the mobile telephone exchange, or switch, with its unique identifiers, and can then be alerted by the mobile switch when there is an incoming telephone call. The handset constantly listens for the strongest signal being received from the surrounding base stations, and is able to switch seamlessly between sites. As the user moves around the network, the "handoffs" are performed to allow the device to switch sites without interrupting the call.

Cell sites have relatively low-power (often only one or two watts) radio transmitters which broadcast their presence and relay communications between the mobile handsets and the switch. The switch in turn connects the call to another subscriber of the same wireless service provider or to the public telephone network, which includes the networks of other wireless carriers. Many of these sites are camouflaged to blend with existing environments, particularly in scenic areas.

The dialogue between the handset and the cell site is a stream of digital data that includes digitised audio (except for the first generation analog networks). The technology that achieves this depends on the system which the mobile phone operator has adopted. The technologies are grouped by generation. The first-generation systems started in 1979 with Japan, are all analog and include AMPS and NMT. Second-generation systems, started in 1991 in Finland, are all digital and include GSM, CDMA and TDMA.

The nature of cellular technology renders many phones vulnerable to 'cloning': anytime a cell phone moves out of coverage (for example, in a road tunnel), when the signal is re-established, the phone sends out a 're-connect' signal to the nearest cell-tower, identifying itself and signalling that it is again ready to transmit. With the proper equipment, it's possible to intercept the re-connect signal and encode the data it contains into a 'blank' phone -- in all respects, the 'blank' is then an exact duplicate of the real phone and any calls made on the 'clone' will be charged to the original account.

Third-generation (3G) networks, which are still being deployed, began in Japan in 2001. They are all digital, and offer high-speed data access in addition to voice services and include W-CDMA (known also as UMTS), and CDMA2000 EV-DO. China will launch a third generation technology on the TD-SCDMA standard. Operators use a mix of predesignated frequency bands determined by the network requirements and local regulations.

In an effort to limit the potential harm from having a transmitter close to the user's body, the first fixed/mobile cellular phones that had a separate transmitter, vehicle-mounted antenna, and handset (known as car phones and bag phones ) were limited to a maximum 3 watts Effective Radiated Power. Modern handheld cellphones which must have the transmission antenna held inches from the user's skull are limited to a maximum transmission power of 0.6 watts ERP. Regardless of the potential biological effects, the reduced transmission range of modern handheld phones limits their usefulness in rural locations as compared to car/bag phones, and handhelds require that cell towers be spaced much closer together to compensate for their lack of transmission power.

Some handhelds include an optional auxiliary antenna port on the back of the phone, which allows it to be connected to a large external antenna and a 3 watt cellular booster. Alternately in fringe-reception areas, a cellular repeater may be used, which uses a long distance high-gain dish antenna or yagi antenna to communicate with a cell tower far outside of normal range, and a repeater to rebroadcast on a small short-range local antenna that allows any cellphone within a few meters to function properly.

Handsets

Nokia is currently the world's largest manufacturer of mobile phones, with a global device market share of approximately 40% in 2008. Other major mobile phone manufacturers (in order of market share) include Samsung (14%), Motorola (14%), Sony Ericsson (9%) and LG (7%). These manufacturers account for over 80% of all mobile phones sold and produce phones for sale in most countries.

Other manufacturers include Apple Inc., Audiovox (now UTStarcom), Benefon, BenQ-Siemens, CECT, High Tech Computer Corporation (HTC), Fujitsu, Kyocera, Mitsubishi Electric, NEC, Neonode, Panasonic (Matsushita Electric), Pantech Curitel, Philips, Research In Motion, Sagem, Sanyo, Sharp, Siemens, Sendo, Sierra Wireless, SK Teletech, Sonim Technologies, T&A Alcatel, Huawei, Trium and Toshiba. There are also specialist communication systems related to (but distinct from) mobile phones.

There are several categories of mobile phones, from basic phones to feature phones such as musicphones and cameraphones, to smartphones. The first smartphone was the Nokia 9000 Communicator in 1996 which incorporated PDA functionality to the basic mobile phone at the time. As miniaturisation and increased processing power of microchips has enabled ever more features to be added to phones, the concept of the smartphone has evolved, and what was a high-end smartphone five years ago, is a standard phone today. Several phone series have been introduced to address a given market segment, such as the RIM Blackberry focusing on enterprise/corporate customer email needs; the SonyEricsson Walkman series of musicphones and Cybershot series of cameraphones; the Nokia N-Series of multimedia phones; and the Apple iPhone which provides full-featured web access and multimedia capabilities.

Features

Mobile phones often have features beyond sending text messages and making voice calls, including Internet browsing, music (MP3) playback, memo recording, personal organiser functions, e-mail, instant messaging, built-in cameras and camcorders, ringtones, games, radio, Push-to-Talk (PTT), infrared and Bluetooth connectivity, call registers, ability to watch streaming video or download video for later viewing, video calling and serve as a wireless modem for a PC, and soon will also serve as a console of sorts to online games and other high quality games. The total value of mobile data services exceeds the value of paid services on the Internet, and was worth 31 billion dollars in 2006 (source Informa). The largest categories of mobile services are music, picture downloads, videogaming, adult entertainment, gambling, video/TV.

Nokia and the University of Cambridge are showing off a bendable cell phone called Morph .

Applications

The most commonly used data application on mobile phones is SMS text messaging, with 74% of all mobile phone users as active users (over 2.4 billi

The T-Mobile G1 launches today folks! And if the fact that it’s free on contract isn’t incentive enough to buy one, and you don’t fancy social networking on the fly, these apps will prove that you simply can’t afford not to have this Android phone in your life. It makes moolah!


Mobile phone marketing firm was contracted to provide a form of marketing for Hillary Clinton's political campaign and the company may have played a major role in the outcome of the US election. Mobile phone marketing is a major method and not just a form of communication.


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jessica m asks: "what does it ,mean if i ring someones contract phone and it says "im sorry this phone is out of service" does it mean this person has been cut off or changed their number?"
Schotzy replies: 'This means that the person either canceled that number or the person as not payed the bill and the service as been shut off.'
JULIE C asks: "I am trying to save money and feel a contract phone instead of landline would be cheaper if i got the right deal."
Barmy replies: 'I don't think you will, they need to be able to pin you down should you default on payments, hence they do a credit check when you apply'
Matthew R replies: 'The best option in this circumstance is to go for one of the pre-pay contracts. Similar to regular pay as you go but with some of the benefits of a contract phone. Normally you can also get a nice new phone to go with the 'contract'.These deals are bigger in the US, and were a lot bigger here a few years ago. The best bet is to go to your local orange/o2/tmobile shop and ask about them!'
Spence replies: 'I am afraid that you can not get a contract phone without a credit check!! Some phone companies however, if you have a bad credit history or no credit history they may allow you to sign up with them, but you have to pay a large deposit which will be refunded after a period of time once you have demonstrated that you are a regular payer. I know orange used to do this, because when I first tried to get a phone about 6 years ago I was constantly refused because I had no credit history. Orange however told me about this alterntive option, I don't know if they still do it and I didn't take up their offer- instead I got my brother to get me a phone in his name and I paid the bill each month to him. I suggest you get a debit card if possible. Just simply using it to get cash out of a machine or making a few purchases with it will give you a credit history. Which is all you need!'
beavis b replies: 'Get your mate to do it.'
*Lotz* replies: 'you can;t get one without a credit or debit card. but if you do happen to get one of these, i find theyre much more leniant online than in the shop :)'
hilly2908766 replies: 'try this website, you will need a credit or debit card but no credit check is required - i applied last week and within 3 days i had a contract saving me loads - so could bin my old PAYG sim card'
sulosy asks: "I have managed to break my mobile phone and have heard that if I purchase a prepaid phone from the same provider that my current sim (on contract) will work without activating the prepaid....has anyine done this successfully? Or have any info on it????"
josh_hurley replies: 'Yes, you can do this successfully as long as the Pay as you go Handset is on the same network as your Contract phone. This is due to it being locked on that network. There are no extra charges from your network provider.'
erasingthecolours replies: 'you sure canit shouldnt cost you extra... but you will still be paying of the phone if it is still on a contract. other than that there is no cost in changing the phone you have your sim in. you can swap between as many as you like without a problem'
Rachh replies: 'Yes, lets say you have a plan with vodaphone. If you buy one of there prepaid phones it would be locked to there network for some years. but you have a vodaphone simcard and the prepaid takes any vodaphone sim card so u would not need it unlocked. even if you buy a phone from another provider you can have it up locked if you want to do that but there is normally a fee.'
jamiecoxy79 asks: "i am struggling to a get a mobil phone on contract any ideas where i can get one but still with a good deal?"
wncan47 replies: 'just pay cash for phone with prepaid minutes.'
puggylover replies: 'Use boost or Metro PCS or other pay as you go types.Sucks to have bad credit.'
Innocent Child replies: 'Consider putting it under someone else's name, but you pay for everything? Like they do for elderly people - you would be the 2nd party in case they can't pay the bills.'
elephantgrl82 replies: 'I doubt you can. Most reputable mobile phone companies take your credit history very seriously. I don't know how desperate you are to have a phone with a contract. If you aren't that desperate, try a pay as you go phone until your credit is back on track. I know Verizon, Cingular, Virgin Mobile and the like have pay as you go options. So look around and see which one offers the best deal and go for it.'
petal replies: 'you can't sorry, i am in the same boat, i have tried them all maybe try 3 or get a mobile through you home phone provider they credit check before giving you service so they might not check you again'
Amanda S replies: 'Try a different company than the one you were refused from. Companies will have different credit criteria. Most likely if a company does take you on as a contract customer, you will have to pay a deposit (sometimes up to $1,000).'
spooky replies: 'Your chances are pretty slim because the companies will likely run your credit when you go in to try to get a contract mobile phone. Your best bet is to go to places like metro pcs or other places that offer prepaid phones, which do not require contracts. best buy, for instance offers virgin prepaid mobiles. You're not going to get the same deals as you would if you got a contract phone, but the good thing is that you're not held to any terms, which means no early termination fee.'
xxcHiNlOxx replies: 'The only thing I can think of is Sprint my credit was pretty shot and they gave me a contract with no deposit. The trick is the Internet, they will sign you up send you a free phone or if you want to pay a little extra you can get something a little nicer. They have free shipping but you have to have a credit or debit card even though they dont charge it its a requirement. Sprint.com give it a shot.'
pink link asks: "i have tried everywhere for a mobile and just cannot be accepted i need a contract not a PRE PAY can anyone help?"
Joem replies: 'Try Virgin mobile.'

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